Marketing and Ideas Essay

Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. B2B (Business to Business) Branding is a term used in marketing. B2B Marketing Plan – Goals & Objectives * Introduce my company to the market (develop company brand) * Introduce my products or services to the market * Introduce a new product/service to an existing market or markets * Introduce a new product/service to a new market? * Increase my market share * Stop market share erosion from competitors * Develop new market segments for my product/service * Increase profit margins * Improve my product service sales mix * Implement a new small business pricing strategy Differences Between B2B & B2C Marketing There are vast differences in business to consumer marketing, known as B2C, and business to business marketing, known as B2B. These two types of marketing differ in the mediums, strategy and techniques employed. They also differ in their approaches, with consumer marketing attempting to reach the most consumers as possible, while business marketing attempts to reach a small slice of target customers. Marketing Appeal * Consumer and business marketing use different strategies to appeal to their consumer base. Consumer marketing by definition is for the masses and appeals to base needs and wants. Whether it is for laundry detergent or a high-end watch, consumer marketing must play up the lifestyle-enhancement features of their product. Business marketing, on the other hand, appeals to practical concerns, such as cutting costs or growing revenue. For example, a software product that can eliminate manufacturing redundancies appeals to business owners’ desire to increase efficiency. Marketing Strategies * B2C and B2B marketers use different strategies to appeal to their  market segments. Consumer marketers try to capture the most â€Å"eyeballs† as possible, using metrics such as viewers, market share and pay-per-impression. Business marketers prefer to know that their target consumer is being reached and do not care as much about the total number of views. These marketers seek out niche publications, websites and TV shows that will be viewed mostly by a particular business segment. Advertising Mediums * Consumer and business marketers choose different mediums to reach their clients. For example, a business marketer would be eager to sponsor an industry awards show or trade conference. They might also advertise in a niche trade magazine. A consumer marketer, meanwhile, seeks to maximize exposure with the most widely viewed mediums. The Super Bowl, which brings in about 100 million viewers each year, is a consumer marketers’ dream. Product – vs. People-Driven Marketing A critical difference between B2C and B2B marketing involves the way the purchaser connects to the brand. Consumer-driven marketing is based on a connection with the product to drive the brand. Business marketing is based on the relationship between individuals to propel the brand forward. If you are choosing a corporate legal firm to represent your company, for example, you want to know and trust your attorneys. You need to meet them and gain a feel for the services they offer. On the other hand, consumer marketing is driven more by the price, quality and personal satisfaction that a product can provide. B2B Marketing Ideas Business-to-business, or B2B, products and services are a slightly different animal when it comes to marketing. Traditional means of marketing like cold calling and direct mail are not as effective. However, marketing to businesses is not impossible. With a few out-of-the-box tactics, like social networking and email marketing, you can still generate some rewarding results. I’ve listed a few ideas below. Email Marketing Email marketing currently boasts one of the highest returns on investments  (ROI) in the marketing arena–currently a whopping $43 for every $1 spent, according to the Direct Marketing Association. The old trend use to be to buy a huge email list and blast them with your message. But since the CAN-SPAM law has been enacted, it is now illegal to email people without their permission. However, there are still ways to grow an in-house email list that can generate results. Search Marketing * Many B2B companies are using search engine marketing, both paid and organic (not paid), to generate traffic to their websites and landing pages. While going to a phone book might be the â€Å"search† method of the past, doing an online search using Google, Yahoo or Bing is what people do now when looking for potential business clients. Social Media Marketing * Sites like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn offer businesses a variety of ways to provide valuable content, engage their audience where they are and generate referrals quickly. While some may think these sites are strictly for business-to-consumer (B2C) enterprises, the B2B presence is growing. LinkedIn, especially, is a business social networking tool. The popularity of these social networks stems from the huge potential for word-of-mouth. It’s all about creating a positive buzz online about your brand that draws people to you. Blogging * Previously just the online journals of the cat lady, blogs, or Web logs, are now big business. According to Technorati’s State of the Blogosphere report for 2008, they have indexed 133 million blogs since 2002, and they range from personal to business. Business blogging provides a way to showcase news and products, demonstrate your knowledge as a thought leader, and provide information that is valuable in your industry. Great content will pull visitors to your site, where you have the opportunity to develop trust and loyal customers. Conclusion * Marketing has not only made a fundamental shift from push (interrupt audience with your message) to pull (attract people to your message) marketing in the B2C arena, but in the B2B arena as well. The tips listed  above, when done correctly, can help draw business clients to your message, service, product and brand.

Caring for Cooper City Essay

There are many factors affecting the health of this community. I believe lack of health education and access to health care are the primary problems. The problems of pinworms and anemia are most preventable with hygiene education and nutritional education. The high premature births and neonatal death rate can be addressed with pre-natal education and care. The ability for the mothers and care givers to access these services may be impaired because of lack of access to health care related to transportation and economics. A cultural norm in many of Hispanic families is both parents work at minimum pay jobs with no benefits, while a family member takes care of several children. This care giver is often an older person (grand parent or aunt) and often does not understand or speak English or is an adolescent that is not able to drive. Because of the noted issues accessing health care during â€Å"business† hours are impaired. It is difficult for the person that may have access to transportation and one that speaks English to arrange a day off to take the child and/or pregnant woman to their doctor appointments Because a large population of the Hispanics go to the Catholic Church getting the local priest or a trusted community involved may help with accessing the population. Information about the clinic, health education classes, and setting up a clinic in the Catholic Church on the weekend may all be options to improving health care. Health education in the schools is another way to get the message to the public. A school health fair or school projects focused on prevention may be ways to help educate the parents. Education of adolescent about birth control, pre-natal care and support are other methods to improve the health of the community. . The planning group will need to have many members of the community. Having someone from the city council, the local priest and pastor, a representative from the high school, a medical representative such as the local md, or nurse practitioner a cultural community representative and representatives of the local business would be the best task force mix. Having the community leader’s access funds to provide free transportation to the health clinics or having a mobile health clinic to access the outlying population. Another option is to have a clinic at the major employer’s place of business. All of the suggested health options will need the support and commitment of the community. As a community health nurse you can support and encourage that commitment.

Classmates Are a More Important Influence Than Parents on a Child’s Success in School Essay

There has been a great deal written about the function of parents in a child’s success. Educators have debated whether a child’s achievement is significantly affected by parents more than classmates or not. Some people who are against this idea may argue that the sharing and understanding of friends may help a child overcomes the obstacles and obtains the success. One idea that has received much attention is that the majority of children tend to obtain knowledge from their parents mainly because of its convenience and utility. This essay will discuss the parents’ crucial function is not just the in-depth experience but also the love for children. First and foremost, the wisdom of parents can help children steer their own boat in the ocean of life. Although, children are able to gain numerous knowledge from their classmates, parents can teach the kids a number of soft skills which need to utilizing in real life. Put differently, parent’s experiences are the advantages for children in order to succeed in this complicated society. There is no why reason why parents’ know ledge is not worth as much as classmates. Parents who have experienced their school days comprehend exactly what is the most effective and successful way to acquire knowledge and put this knowledge into practice. Therefore, children are easier to get high marks in tasks or exams by the assistance of parents. For another, parents also create a favourable environment for children which are likely to turn them into successful people. There is a story about Meng Zi who was an eminent philosopher in ancient china. When Meng Zi was a child, his mother did not wish Meng Zi to grow up to be a common illiterate civilian. She believed that if her son grew up amongst illiterate men then he would be as iliterate as them). Thus, she moved the houses several times and finally settled down near a private school, where Meng Zi could easily access knowledge and made contacts with intellectual. Second, classmates may be jealous with children’ achievement; nonetheless, their parents love them without selfish and benefit. When they witness their kids grow up day by day and have high status in society, they are really joyful. The children can share their most emotion with parents who they feel closet and reliable. For instance, one student has the best acedemic grades in class; however, his frends oftens ridicule and disturb him. This makes him feel stressful when come to school and his performance is worse and worse. One day, his parents know this and encourage him a lots. He tries his best to study and get high result in order to enroll medical university. Opponents of this may claim that because of the busy schedule parents have, they are unable to take enough time for their children. Sometimes, the only time they meet is at the dinner table. This not only creates a distance between them but also compels them to totally dependent on their friends for physical or emotional support, which is finally responsible for shaping their future. Therefore, most of the time, especially in the developed world, classmates can have a huge influence in a child’s life. They have a point in thinking like that. On the other hand, they forget one fact that the motivation of children tend to come from parents’ care since parents guide them about future career and talk to them about how important of studying so as to help them thoroughly about the benefits as well. In conclusion, it is undeniable that parents plays crucial role in shaping children’ life. First, their wide knowledge can assist children get high position in community. Second, when children face to difficulties, their parents always stand by them and support them with all loving. If this trend continues, more and more intellectual young generation will lay down a prosperous country.

US government assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US government assignment - Essay Example The bill necessitates freezing the Ohio Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard at existing degree, by the end of 2016. Senate Bill 310 also intends to minimise the general renewable energy targets by 2025 and permit every Ohio renewable energy source to be acquired from efficient plants, even if they are positioned outside Ohio. The bill controls the state energy effectiveness and mandates in minimising the use of renewable energy. The proposed bill has therefore been argued to require creating a special committee, which will determine the level of cost to the customers for mandated energy efficiency plans and renewable energy plants such as wind energy and solar energy. The bill also necessitates state regulators to enact new regulations for unveiling the expenses for electric utility on every customer’s electric bill. The bill requires implementation of electric utilities (such as energy efficient equipments and lighting) for assisting customers to minimise their overall ener gy consumption. The bill also mandates energy generation organisations to reduce overall demand and peak demand of power by efficiency measures by 22% within 2025 (Funk, 2014). Renewable energy in Ohio signifies electricity generated by wind turbines. Nevertheless, ending Ohio’s inner state energy mandate would permit state’s energy utilities to seek inexpensive wind generated power from other states, such as Minnesota and Iowa. Such movement in turn would force wind energy manufacturers in Ohio to compete for better and inexpensive energy generation or find other markets to sell the energy. The bill can therefore be regarded as a compromise between those who desire to eradicate energy efficiency regulation and those who desire no change in regulation (Heindl Server GmbH, 2010). Apart from ending in-state mandate of energy, SB 310 would freeze the renewable energy effectiveness standard. In relation to the bill, several legislators stated that wind energy

The advanced practice of strength and conditioning Essay - 1

The advanced practice of strength and conditioning - Essay Example But how he ended up with a new 9.58 seconds and 19.30 seconds in both individual sprints is one big story to reckon with for a long time. Let us keep pace with some of the salient points of this one of the most stimulating, motivational stories of man and his unbroken pursuit of excelling in the field by a mere breath or few-seconds hairline. One of the focal points of the discussion in a myriad of ideas in strength and conditioning is Usain Bolt himself and how and why many were awed by his performance at one of the world’s greatest sporting events. More interestingly, Bolt himself is a man just like us. Keywords: Bolt and man, poor mechanics, velocity, excitement USAIN BOLT, THE MAIN MAN HIMSELF 3 Usain Bolt, The Main Man Himself And Will Remain Every Athlete’s Model Of Success For Years To Come Let’s begin with an explosive starting gun. This is the very foundation of all winning strides in the 100-meter dash. Energy burst with the first burst. Analysis in Cis sik (89), categorically states the need, first and foremost, of the sprinter responding without delay to the starting gun and zoom out of the starting blocks at the most preferred reaction time of 0.12 seconds. Faster reaction naturally leads to an advantage faster than the opponents. Many can take a chance in the field where Bolt is now. It was inspiring to note that Bolt himself started from scratch with his own imperfections but individually endowed with certain physical qualities just the same as any man can be. Karp (52) explicitly mentioned that a person with a lot of talent almost always outperforms a person with little talent and a lot of training. The success of Mills and Bolt supported this theory with Mills (30 ) institutionalizing the 2008 Beijing phenomena of his own admission saying Bolt is an extremely gifted athlete despite the fact that he had to recreate certain aspects of Bolt’s biomechanical deficiencies and maximise use of functional training to bolster h is bid for a new world record. The arena of world excitement and velocity was the inevitable route, with just a bit of luck, talent and perseverance and a mentor who believes without a doubt that Bolt can take off. Coach Glen Mills said so succinctly in the NSA interview (30) that when he started working with Bolt, one of the things that stood out like a sore thumb was his poor mechanics. USAIN BOLT, THE MAIN MAN HIMSELF 4 The NSA interview dug deep into the core of the molding of Usain as an athlete with such inquiry as to how Mills had weighed up his athlete’s own methods. It had gain new insights to patient mentoring and methodical training as the interview reveals that Bolt then was running behind the center of balance, thus, his forward drive negates the compelling vigor and thrust. His pose leaves a strain on his posterior notably the lower back, there was a continual pull on his hamstring, so on and so forth. But the main recipe of the preparation was developing the at hlete to accomplish all the training regimens correctly, discarding the bad habits and adapt new and effective techniques. Body position, according to Seagrave, et al (21), is distinctively three-pronged as core stabilization, postural repositioning and control and vertical alignment. Perfect execution of all three vital elements are necessary to establish the best cruising pattern. One without

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immigration - Essay Example Nevertheless, the political and social significance of immigration goes clear of numbers as immigration engrosses populace, and not just the factors of production but also the dreams, hopes, frustrations, human interests and plans. As such, immigrants are n active force that drives the novel international realities both in their host countries and their native countries. In actual fact, immigration has turned out to be a key force that shapes global reality. Immigration is a dominant force with regard to both cultural and social interaction and change in the host nations. It offers the immigrants considerable opportunities to enable them to progress. Immigration is also an issue that has significantly dissimilar developmental impacts on both the native and host nations. The worldwide population has, therefore, recognized the aforementioned facts in their considerations on immigration and as a consequence has acknowledged the requirement to set up a more rational political rejoinder t o the trend. This paper is, therefore, written with the objective of bringing out the differences in immigration patterns between the United States of America and other countries across the globe. In doing so, the paper will look at aspects such as the difference in immigration policies between the USA and other countries and also the differences in opportunities offered to immigrants in USA and other countries. Immigration in the USA and Canada One of the notable differences between the national policies on immigration between Canada and the United States of America is that while Canada has been actively involved in soliciting for immigrants for several years, the United States of America has put up several restrictions aimed at limiting immigration into the country Dalmia. Dalmia further observes that the Canadian public has consistently shown support for immigration as was seen in a poll whose outcome indicated that only a third of Canadians considered immigration as a problem an d not an opportunity. This was far much lower than all the nations that had been surveyed. However, the Canadians showed concern on â€Å"brain wastage† and making sure that alien credential were accurately acknowledged and recompensed in the job markets. In concurrence with the above statement, Dalmia acknowledges that unlike the United States that only elects natives to leadership and political positions, Canada offers immigrants opportunities in both political and leadership positions. For instance, during the 2011 parliamentary elections, approximately 11 percent of all the individuals elected to the Canadian parliament were immigrants. He further maintains that this is not a coincidence as just about 20 percent of Canadians are immigrants. On the other hand, the United States of America limits immigrants from participating in elections and holding political offices. That is, the policies do not allow immigrants to vote or vie political offices such as congress, presidenc y and senate. In observing the difference of opinions on immigrations between Canadians and Americans, Dalmia noted that there are two key reasons as per why Canadians are tolerant to immigration while

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Exam - Essay Example Employers are also required to report any workplace accident to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), particularly those that involve death of an employee or hospitalization of five or more employees. Another requirement is for the employers to provide safe and healthy working conditions for the workers and the contractors. Such conditions include safe machinery and equipment, ensuring that the work place is safe through activities such as installing fire exits and emergency equipment. The employer is also supposed to provide adequate facilities for employees to ensure they are free from accidents and their health and safety is not compromised. Moreover, employers are supposed to ensure that the employees are informed and understand the instructions for them to operate in a safe and healthy manner. Additionally, the employer should ensure that the employees are aware of any possible negative effects that could be associated with their work. Additionally, employers are liable for any forms of injuries that the employers may incur when employees are performing activities especially the hazardous ones. This applies even when the person who causes the injury is a contractor. The McWane a major manufacturer of iron pipes for water piping and sewers has had several health and safety violations, which have resulted in numerous injuries and some death cases. After investigating, the working conditions at McWane, OSHA confirmed that the company had consistently flouts most of the work place safety rules. McWane was listed as one of the companies with the worst workplace safety records within America. Since 1995, the company has violated more than 400 safety measures. The violation result in serious accidents an example being crushing of one of the employees by a truck, which resulted in amputation of both legs. Such violations include the unsafe systems such as machineries and equipment of which were

Natures deadliest animals in brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natures deadliest animals in brazil - Essay Example ul research shows, however, that nature’s deadliest animals in Brazil are much more dangerous to other animals in their habitat, than to human beings. One of the creatures that is the most deadly in Brazil is a relatively common fish called the piranha. It is usually quite small, between 15 cm and 26 cm in length and it is very plentiful in the Amazon region. (St Louis and Chandler, p. 111) Its normal behavior is to scavenge for food from dead fish, plants and insects in the river and so it plays a useful role in cleaning up the environment. People very rarely are attacked by piranha but when a large mammal is attacked, it can be extremely shocking, since the piranha come in great numbers and nibble at the body. The reputation of this fish is actually much worse than its real nature, because it usually avoids human beings and concentrates on smaller prey. Only one particular situation can be very dangerous for humans, and that occurs when the river is low. Piranhas can get trapped in tributaries or lakes that get cut off from the main river. This means that their food supply disappears and in that case they will attack almost anyt hing because they are desperate for food. It is noted that â€Å"confirmed accounts of human fatalities caused by piranhas are extremely few, but plenty of Amazonian river folks have scars or missing fingers to testify just how sharp and vicious those little triangular teeth can be.† (St Louis and Chandler, p. 104) Many people are afraid of another small creature, which is technically an insect rather than an animal, namely the spider. In Brazil there are several species of the biggest spiders of all: tarantulas. These include the Brazilian yellowbanded, the Brazilian salmon, the Brazilian black and the Brazilian graysmoke, as well as many others which are common across the South American continent (Tarantula facts website). The way that tarantulas capture and kill their prey is quite disgusting from a human point of view, but

Cheap lapor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cheap lapor - Essay Example In addition to the assistantships program, the graduate students also have access to educational funding. This is basically to attract more international students to take advantage of the outstanding graduate programs the university offers. Assistantships are the most regular schemes of financial backing to graduate studies. Since the implementation of the said development plans, close to 65 percent of graduate students admitted yearly at the university are beneficiaries of graduate student assistantships (Purdue.edu). As a graduate student at Purdue University, you may benefit from teaching, research, or administrative/specialized assistantships to assist you cater for educational costs and at the same time benefiting from rich employment experience. However, students need to note that when they secure an assistantship, they are regarded as part time workers with the university and the will enjoy all the benefits of assistantship (Purdue.edu). Among these benefits include: Students also need to know that assistantship program is not limited on department; that is, they can either secure assistantships from their departments of admission or from other department that is not relevant to their faculty, but this is limited to the areas of placements and availability of chances. This plan is made subject to the continued outcry of our graduate students who are benefiting from the graduate assistantship program. The concern by the student is founded on the following main reasons; Therefore, this negotiation plan is developed principally to address these three main concerns by our graduate students under the assistantship program. In addressing this issue, it is imperative that we give background information regarding the graduate program, graduate student government, VP /dean of graduate school, President of the Graduate Student Group (Todd, 34). The history of the university dates back to 1862 the then president of the United States Lincoln

Investigating circuit city comany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investigating circuit city comany - Essay Example This article basically illustrates the mistakes that Circuit City undertook before its eventual demise and how its archrival, Best Buy, continued to thrive on the contrary. Circuit City’s failure was not as a result of the downturn in the economy only; its principal failure was in its bad management over the course of the years. The article is well written as it gives us an idea of where Circuit City once was at the peak of the industry and how it slowly succumbed to the changing market, eventually giving up its position as the market leader to Best Buy. The writer also shows the differences in Best Buy and Circuit City; two companies which took entirely different approaches leading to one prospering to be the market leader and the other having to liquidate. The author also used simple and easy to understand writing style and vocabulary that is easy to comprehend. In this article, the writer seems to have one goal in mind and that is to give a clear explanation of Circuit City ’s failure. ... However, this article clearly illustrates this by providing the reader with an insight into what really happened to the second best electronic merchandise store. Circuit City to Shut Down By Parija B. Kavilanz This article also gives a detailed account of Circuit City’s filing for bankruptcy, the approval of the motion to liquidate its remaining stores and all the events that followed the decision to liquidate all the company’s assets. This article outlines how the company had been forced to close shop following its inability to pay up its debts, which shows that the values the company had adopted prior to this had all failed in achieving the company’s future objectives. What led to the unfolding of these events is also a question that is well documented in this article. Therefore, this article offers a reader the ending to the sad story of the now defunct Circuit City. The writer of this article had the intention of telling his readers how the company’s m ismanagement run the company down until it closed business. The whole process of how the company started by closing a number of shops and laying off workers is also illustrated in this article. This article shows the outcome of the stalled negotiations of Circuit City with its creditors and lenders; liquidation. The article gives a picture of the events that unfolded following the decision to liquidate all Circuit City’s assets. All the efforts that the company had undertook to save it from going under had all been in vain as Circuit City was forced to close shop. The liquidation process was from then on, all systems go! The author also uses a brilliant technique of leaving the reader in suspense by informing us that despite all the miscues that Circuit City took there was still hope that the company

Exporting Chocolates to UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Exporting Chocolates to UAE - Research Paper Example Even if you travel to the UK or some other destination through UAE or Dubai, it is advisable not to carry Coca with you. For example, if one is found to be carrying a packet of Khas Khas which is a generally used as a spice in some Indian sweets and curries, then it will be considered as a serious offense in UAE. Khas Khas is also notoriously called as poppy seed, which can be germinated to grow narcotics (afeem etc.). (Index Mundi 2010). Thus, one should aware recent developments in the laws in UAE about Coca, and the exporter should clearly distinguish it from cocoa ( ingredients for Chocolates) and in other Gulf countries also which have been declared that carrying Coca is punishable with even worse with the death penalty or minimum 20 years of imprisonment. If a case has been booked by mistreating Cocoa as Coca, then the exporter has to incur huge legal fees as lawyers are demanding heavy fees for appearing in the court which may be amounting to AED 100,000 to plead for any innocence in Coca offenses. Everyone who is having business dealing with UAE should consider the significance of this issue and should never ever carry even minutest quantities of the following items when traveling or exporting the same to UAE or other Gulf countries. 1. Coca 2. Khas Khas whether raw, roasted or cooked. 3. While exporting chocolates to UAE, the exporter should clearly mention that chocolates have been made from Cocoa and not from Coca. (Index Mundi 2010).

Australian Aboriginal Art Essay Example for Free

Australian Aboriginal Art Essay Australian Aboriginal art, song and dance has been the corner stone of culture since the beginning of their existence. Having no form of written language Aboriginal art, songs, and dances passed down through the generations have been the heartbeat that has kept this ancient culture alive. Even though the art, medium, song, and dance of each Aboriginal tribe may be completely different, they all serve the same purposes; create ceremony, and to inform each member of the tribe of their history, spiritual beliefs, values, and expectations for cultural norm and behaviour. It is not until recently that Aboriginal art has stopped depicting Dreaming stories and has begun to be used for other purposes, such as self expression and emotion release (Pizzi, 13). However as the customary Aboriginal ways of life have been continually interrupted and battered, the personal identity of Aboriginal people and their culture has deteriorated and is in great danger of dying out completely. For tens of thousands of years Aboriginals have created art on rocks, tree bark, the ground and their bodies, with dyes, paints, seeds, plants, sand, and ochres. It is these art works which create a visual language expressing the legends, morals, and history specific to each Aboriginal tribe (Kreczmansk and Stanislawska-Birnberg, 3). Each painting or drawing contains symbols and colours which represent a part of a Dreaming story. Generally the symbols similar to what they are representing, but can come to mean different things at different times, such as a spiral could represent a waterhole, campsite, breast, or fire depending on the context. Aboriginal art is an integral physical manifestation of their culture and cultural continuity is reflected in all forms; such as painting, drawing, ceremonies, song, dance, jewellery, and head masks (Barrington, April 12). On page one of ‘The Tjulkurra’, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri, Janusz B. Kreczmanski and Margo Stanislawska-Birnberg write, â€Å"there is one kind of traditional painting which has not changed for thousands of years in its form and subject matter: the art of the Australian Aborigines. † The Aboriginal Dreaming stories are central to culture and each aspect of the Dreaming wheel is connected, and without one of the parts the wheel the rest does not make sense. These stories dictate every aspect of life and behaviour from where you can walk to how the Earth was created. These Dreaming stories are the blue prints to Aboriginal life, and it is through art, song, and dance that they survive. Each art drawing, painting, dance refers to a piece of information which the viewer gains upon looking at it, every song steers the listeners towards proper social behaviour or indicates where in society one falls (Morphy, 30). Some rituals, drawing and painting mediums and depictions, songs, and dances are gender or age discriminate, further structuring societal responsibilities and purposes (Mayrah, April 20). These Aboriginal art forms are the vehicles that pass meaning, purpose, history, and cultural from one generation to the next. Over the years Aboriginal way of life has been completely disrupted, abused, and deliberate attempts have been made to be erased. Since colonization Aboriginal people have been continually displaced from their lands, which they had lived on for over 40,000 years, and have had to watch as their sacred sites are cut down, mined, and destroyed. With this the materials used in Aboriginal art are destroyed, but more importantly there is a cultural disconnection as the elders are unable to teach the new generation the ways of their people and land. For example, when a tribe from the desert is suddenly moved to a coast their traditional sand art becomes impossible to create and the ceremonial act of passing that knowledge down to new generations cannot occur. So that art form is lost forever and the relationship between elders and the new generation breaks down. Or if a Dreaming story is based upon the lake which a tribe lives next to, and the tribe is moved away from this lake the new generations to come will not understand the story, or feel a connection with the land which was given to them by the Creation Beings. By taking away the tools the Aboriginals have always used to create their art and ceremonies their whole structure of culture is splintered. Tourism and the intrusions of western culture on Aboriginal land have weakened and belittled the art of the Aboriginals and traditional art forms have vanished in many places (Edwards and Guerin, Foreword). Furthermore, as â€Å"The Land My Mother, Walya NGamardiki† video the class watched on March 18th explains, the Aboriginals believe that they belong to the land, and if the land is destroyed then they too are being destroyed. In Aboriginal culture each person and family is born and connected to a Totem, or Spirit Being, and it is that person’s responsibility to protect their Totem; they are thought to be so connected that if one was to eat their Spirit Being it would be considered cannibalism. If a person’s Totem is killed then it is that person’s responsibility to carry out the mortuary rites for the being. When an Aboriginal dies they believe that their spirits go into the sites from which they came, but by destroying these sanctified sites the spirits have no where to return (Mayrah, April 20). â€Å"For Indigenous Australians†¦country is the subject of artistic representation, ritual enactment, totemism and the sympathetic magic that assists the group to ensure itself in the quest for survival† (Zimmer, 20). A disconnection between an Aboriginal person and his land is more than an unjust inconvenience; it is a cultural, emotional and spiritual murder worse than physical death. The Aboriginals currently make up only two percent of the Australian population, and their art, songs, and dances have been lost to the new generations. The ceremonies, art, dance, and song that had always guided, moralized, and given a voice to the Aboriginal youth has been made unnecessary, unfeasible, or irrelevant over time. These youths are now connecting with the anger, violence and messages of resentment of the contemporary black American culture. Instead of singing the songs and dancing the dances of their ancestors many young Aboriginals are rapping and grinding. (Dean, April 8). Many Aboriginals, old and young, feel no real tribal identity or language, no connection with Dreaming, and are left confused by who they are in the middle of two conflicting cultures (Bourke, 133). Without their art, song, and dance the Aboriginal culture has no history, meaning, future, or heartbeat. It is imperative to the future of Aboriginal tribes that they reconnect with the wisdom and ceremony of their ancestor’s art, song, and dance, while continuing to gain the tools to function in today’s westernized Australian culture. Bibliography Barrington, Robin. â€Å"Indigenous Australian Aboriginal Art. † Presentation, Introduction to Indigenous Australia tutorial, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley campus. April 12, 2010. Bourke, Eleanor. On Being Aboriginal. In Identifying Australia in Postmodern Times. Melbourne: Bibliotech, Australian National University, 1994. â€Å"Ways of Working: Aboriginal Cultural Awareness Modules. † Workshop, Centre for Aboriginal Studies at Curtin University of Technology, Bentley campus. April 8, 2010. Edwards, Robert and Bruce Guern. Aboriginal Bark Paintings. Canberra: Rigby, 1970. Kreczmanski, Janusz B. , and Margo Stanislawska-Birnberg. The Tjulkurra: Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri. Marleston: Jb Books, 2002. 1-7. Mayrah, Yarraga. Aboriginal Culture. Indigenous Australia Aboriginal Art, History and Culture. http://www.indigenousaustralia. info (accessed April 20, 2010). McGregor, Ken and Jenny Zimmer. Bill Whiskey Tajapaltjarri. Victoria: Macmillian Art Publishing, 2009. 15-23. Morphy, Howard. Ancestral Connections: Art and an Aboriginal System of Knowledge. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1991. Pizzi, Gabrielee. Voices of The Earth: Paintings, Photography, and Sculpture from Aboriginal Australia. Melbourne: A private collection. 7-16. ‘The Land My Mother’ or ‘Walya NGamardiki. ’ Movie, Introduction to Indigenous Australia tutorial, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley campus. March 8th, 2010.

Bill of Rights Impact and Causes

Bill of Rights Impact and Causes Brandon Huff The Bill of Rights are the first ten Amendments in the Constitution, and were created for greater constitutional protections of our individual rights. These were written by James Madison, a member of the House of Representatives at the time. There were two parties at the time, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists believed that they did not need a Bill of Rights because the people and states had the powers not given to the government. While the Anti-Federalists believed that it was absolutely necessary to have, and was needed to protect the individuals rights. While Madison was writing these Amendments, it was argued that Congress couldnt change the constitution, so Madison proposed they be added on as Amendments. Madison wrote twenty amendments and of those the House approved seventeen of them. From there they were sent to the Senate where only twelve survived. Of those twelve sent to the states, only ten passed. These amendments are a list of limits on government power. This means that a right that was seen as a natural are protected with this document The Amendments include freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, no soldier shall live in the house of a citizen without consent, the right against unreasonable searches to house, car, self, and effects; the right to not be tried of the same offense twice, the right to a quick trial by an impartial jury, the right of trial by jury of an offense over twenty dollars, no excessive bail or unreasonable punishments, the enumeration of certain rights may not be construed, and the powers not delegated nor given to the states by the Constitution are the rights of the states. These rights given to us will always be ours and nothing can take them away from us. But why did the they choose only these amendments to ratify and use for our Bill of Rights? Each of those who voted and ratified these believed that these were unalienable rights given to us by God and therefore, shouldnt be controlled by the government. These are right that were put on paper to prevent the government from taking over the country and trying to take our rights away.   Each of these amendments protects very specific things, that as a nation we will need in order to keep the big government in check. Lets look at each amendment individually and see why it would be chosen. The first amendment protects our right to exercise our religion, speech, peaceful assembly, and press. This means that no matter what you believe in, you can believe it in the open and not having to fear the government is going to come after you. Next, you can say what you want where you want, though it probably isnt the best idea all the time. You can also write in the papers, or say on the news what you believe about certain things and it wont be taken out or edited. Last, we can gather in protest of something anywhere as long as it is a peaceful and controlled protest. This freedom allows us to keep the government in check and allows us as the people to offer changes or things we believe will help the country. Next, our right to bear arms. This seems pretty self-explanatory, if the need arises we can protect ourselves. Whether that mean from an intruder, or an attacker, or even from the government itself. This is probably one of the most important things given to us as a people, because protecting ourselves is not an option in a lot of other places around the world. Our third right is the right we have to our own house. A soldier cant come and live on our house during a time of war unless given permission. This doesnt really apply to todays world, but when it was made people attacking and fighting on American soil. So, it was only obvious that they would make one stating the privacy you have within your home. Fourth is the right that protects us, our property, and belongings from being unreasonably searched, or without a warrant. This is very important because without it the government could just take and go through whatever they want to without a reason. This protects the right to privacy and ownership. The idea that you own something and have the ability to say no is a very good thing to have. Our fifth right is the right we have to avoid being charged the same offense twice. If we have been accused and proven not guilty, we wont be tried again for the same crime. It also protects our other basic rights listed above, such as the thing of ones property. This is one that is not well known and is underestimated in its importance, but is a crucial part of the Bill of Rights. Next, is the right to a speedy trial and the ability to have someone able represent them in a court of law. It also protects against people that would be trying to influence you as a witness, or someone who wants to do you harm. This protection and help in the courts is very important even now as people still try to change the minds of those involved with trials and so forth. The seventh goes along with the previous two in a sense it involves the courts. Any crime exceeding went dollars must go through a court and have a trial. This helps prevent unjust rulings by one or another in   the sense that they must be a jury to decide what happens. Since most every crime exceeds twenty dollars almost every crime is done through our legal system. This is the best way to do things because our legal system is very through and very good. Next is our right to not have an excessive bail set for our release form jail. It must be appropriate with the crime committed, we dont need to worry about a million dollar bail if all we did was graffiti. This is for us as a people to feel like we can still have some hope of getting out early, whether or not thats what we need is something else entirely. The ninth amendment protects us from having all of our other ones being misinterpreted. Some people will try to pretend they dont know what our rights mean, or will try to violate them even if do not know they are. This will protect us from that and if one is caught misinterpreting our rights they receive and just punishment. Our last right states that any power not delegated to the United States by the Constitution is given to the states. This prevents the government controlling everything in all the states all the time. It gives the states a right to control a more local area and it helps keep an eye on the government. With each state having its own rights they can watch and keep the government in check. Now, of all of the amendments proposed to be in this Bill of Rights, the people chose these ten. They couldnt have chosen better. These are the very things that, if not specifically given to us as the people and the stats themselves; that the government might want to control at a later date. This Bill of Rights is a very important part of the United States and helps keep this country free and allows it to be run by the people. Without the foresight of our early leaders and the compromise they came to in the making of this document, America might be a very different place. I believe that this document helped shape the nation into what it is today. Without these rights given to us we couldnt do some things that we needed to do, nor could we guarantee that we would be safe from corrupt and unlawful people and trials. With these set in place we can have protection from corrupt people, are able to watch the government, and are free to protect ourselves from more upfront threats. These give us security in our nation and knowing that we the people have the power to make this country what it is. We elect our leaders, we elect our representatives, we elect all of the people in any position of power. If they dont do a good job we elect someone else, but it is always our choice who is in charge. That is a luxury that many nations dont have, and we as a people have forgotten how important it truly is. By reading this people can realize what we have in this country and how much we can really do for it. People act like they cant do anything so why bother, or some try to change things that doesnt need to or the have no control over. We need to go back and read what we can do, what we cant and all work together to make this country better for all.

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley In my English class I have been reading the play 'An Inspector Calls'! The play is about a fairly well-off family (the Birling's) who have their evening spoilt by having an inspector call round, to ask them questions about a girl, Eva Smith, who drank some disinfectant to kill herself. I am going to start my comparisons with the head of the house-hold, Arthur Birling. Arthur Birling is a selfish, arrogant, family man who doesn't know the meaning of the word responsibility. The play starts off with the family sat around the dining table, toasting to the daughter, Sheila's, engagement to Gerald Croft. While the girls (Sheila and her mother, Sybil) trail off to the drawing room, Arthur decides to teach Gerald something about responsibility; 'A man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own' He also has a fairly good reason as to why he thinks like this, and he tells so to the inspector; 'If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody we'd had anything to do with, it would be very awkward, wouldn't it?' When Arthur doesn't know the full story as to why the inspector has arrived, he tries to use his importance to get his way. He threatens the inspector with the following phrase; 'I've half a mind to report youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ perhaps I ought to warn you thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ our chief constableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he's an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly often' Arthur doesn't react at all to the death of Eva, and he acts as though 'such is life'. When the inspector leaves towards the end of the play, Arthur tries to think of all sorts of idea's to prove that the man wasn't an inspector at all, - proving that Arthur didn't change at all in reaction to the death of one of his former employees. Sybil Birling is Arthur's wife. She is very like her husband in being selfish, and is very unrepentant. Sybil finds out that she had

The Death Penalty - Just Punishment for Murder Essay -- Capital Punish

The Death Penalty - Just Punishment for Murder Essay has Problems with Format The death penalty has always been and continues to be a very controversial issue. People on both sides of the issue argue endlessly to gain further support for their movements. While opponents of capital punishment are quick to point out that the United States remains one of the few Western countries that continue to support the death penalty, Americans are also more likely to encounter violent crime than citizens of other countries (Brownlee 31). Justice mandates that criminals receive what they deserve. The punishment must fit the crime. If a burglar deserves imprisonment, then a murderer deserves death (Winters 168). The death penalty is necessary and the only punishment suitable for those convicted of capital offenses. Seventy-five percent of Americans support the death penalty, according to Turner, because it provides a deterrent to some would-be murderers and it also provides for moral and legal justice (83). "Deterrence is a theory: It asks what the effects are of a punishment (does it reduce the crime rate?) and makes testable predictions (punishment reduces the crime rate compared to what it would be without the credible threat of punishment)", (Van Den Haag 29). The deterrent effect of any punishment depends on how quickly the punishment is applied (Workshop 16). Executions are so rare and delayed for so long in comparison th the number of capitol offenses committed that statistical correlations cannot be expected (Winters 104). The number of potential murders that are deterred by the threat of a death penalty may never be known, just as it may never be known how many lives are saved with it. However, it is known that the death penalty does definitely deter those who are executed. Life in prison without the possibility of parole is the alternative to execution presented by those that consider words to be equal to reality. Nothing prevents the people sentenced in this way from being paroled under later laws or later court rulings. Furthermore, nothing prevents them from escaping or killing again while in prison. After all, if they have already received the maximum sentence available, they have nothing to lose. For example, in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court banished the death penalty. Like other states, Texas commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment. After being r... ...cibly take back what a robber took by force. It would be wrong to imprison someone that illegally imprisoned someone else. It would also be wrong for the police to drive over the speed limit to peruse someone who was speeding. The death penalty is a deserved and just punishment for murder. It does deter some murders, which saves an unknown number of innocent lives. These reasons are why, through all the controversy, three-quarters of Americans continue to support capital punishment. Works Cited The Bible. King James Version. Brownlee, Shannon, Don McGraw, and Jason Vest. "The Place For Vengeance." U.S. News and World Reports 16 June 1997: 24-32. Hartsburg, Hendrick. "Burning Question." The New Republic 20 February 1989: 4+. Norton, Mary, et al. A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Inc, 1990. Turner, Richard. "Death-Penalty Taboos." Newsweek 30 June 1997: 83. Van Den Haag, Earnest, and John Conrad. The Death Penalty: A Debate. New York: Plenum Press, 1997. Winters. Paul (ed.). The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc, 1997. Worsnop, Richard. "Death Penalty Debate." CQ Researcher. Vol. 5. 10 March 1995: 193-213.

Reading Comprehension: From Research to Classroom Essay -- Educational

Language plays a central role in almost all aspects of our lives. This paper will focus on examining the cognitive processes that are involved in using and understanding written language. Because language almost always involves units of language larger than an individual word or a single sentence, it is important to emphasize how people understand connected discourse, such as stories. Understanding these central cognitive processes will help school psychologists understand how to facilitate reading comprehension in the classroom setting. Although most of these psychological studies do not deal with specific methods on how to how to comprehend a story, these studies do indicate some of the more powerful factors that influence whether comprehension occurs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an integration of the current approaches of research in reading comprehension with ways of facilitating comprehension in the classroom. First, a summary of the current approaches to comprehensi on is given, highlighting the most central concepts arising from several different perspectives. Second, a review of the empirical research is included, illustrating how recent advances in theory have increased awareness of the comprehension skills of children, especially at an early age. Third, some of the main conclusions and issues in the area are discussed in terms of theoretical and empirical advances and applications to school settings. One of the central approaches to comprehension is termed schema theory. This approach can be used to interpret how readers interpret the text that they read. The core components of schema theory are derived from Sir Frederic Bartlett’s (1932) use of the word schemata and his interpretation of adults’ memory for s... ...Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717-726. Ericsson, K.A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, vol. 49(8), pp. 725- 747. Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition. N.Y: Cambridge University Press. Hart, B., & Risley, T.R. (1992). American parenting of language-learning children: Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1096-1105. Nagy, W.E., & Scott, J. (2000). Vocabulary Processes in Kamil, M. et al., Handbook of Reading Research, vol. III. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum. Thorndike, P.W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1979). The use of schemata in the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 82-106. Solso, R.L., Maclin, O.H., & Maclin, M.K. (2008). Cognitive Psychology: Eight Edition.

In the National Gallery

In the short story In the National Gallery by Doris Lessing we follow a narrator, which gender is unknown for the reader. The story line takes place in the National Gallery – therefore the name of the short story. The narrator’s intention in the gallery is to find a picture big enough to be able to sit in the middle of the room looking at it, which is succeeded. An old man joins the narrator on the bench together with a younger man, also with the intention of looking at the picture.The old man lectures the younger man about Stubbs’ picture which shows that the old man already familiar with the picture, â€Å"How much I would have liked to know as much as he did[†¦]†(p. 2 ll. 15-16) However it does not interest the younger one, and he walks away while looking, â€Å"†¦ a bit rueful, like a pupil chidden by a teacher†(p. 2 ll. 21-22). The narrator makes up a relation between the young and the elderly man, which is shown in the following quot e, â€Å"†¦ as if saying, â€Å"Oh, let’s kiss and make up†Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 2 ll. 29). It shows how the narrator makes up an abnormal relationship between the two of them.As if they are boyfriends. It is not abnormal if they are homosexuals but the abnormal thing about the assumable relationship is the big generation gap. Another example of a big generation gap in the short story is when a group of young French girls steps into the gallery. The narrator mentions how the girls’ entrance creates a contrast to the normality in the National Gallery. In the group there is a sort of leader â€Å"a package to be admired† (p. 3 line 41-42) as the narrator says. The narrator explains to the reader how the old man on the bench is gazing intensely on the leader of the girl group.Of course the reader is not 100% reliable in the things he/she observes, but the old man’s interest in the young girl is patent in a quote, which is when the old man addresses the na rrator, â€Å"†She’s like a girl I was in love with once. (p. 3 ll. 71). He tells the narrator about how the girl from the past walked out on him, and this arouses old, hidden feelings in the old man. Throughout Doris Lessing’s In the National Gallery the reader follows the progress in the short story through a 1st person narrator. He/she acts passively and is just observing throughout the whole short story.The narrator attaches importance to the relationship between the elderly and the young man and also especially the relationship between the elderly man and the young French girl. The only time the narrator acts actively in the short story is when he/she talks to the old man about his first love that the French girl looks like. Because of the 1st person narrator the short story does not necessarily correspond with what is happening in reality. The group of girls and the two men is characters we only hear about through the narrator. It means that what the narra tor tells the reader about the characters is not necessarily true.We experiences them as the narrator do. This is show by this quote, â€Å"In the space of a moment the scene had turned ugly. †(p. ll. 24), this is just the way the narrator experiences the situation, but she/he doesn’t know how the young man and the old man is used to talk with each other and does not now their body language. It is also shown how the narrator is quick to judge in the beginning when the two men are having a discussion. He/she only hears few parts of the conversation between the two, and yet there is an immediately judgment, that the relationship between them are student and teacher, â€Å"A son?A younger brother? Certainly a pupil [†¦] (p. 1 ll. 12). However some of the comments between the two of them, as earlier mentioned creates some a kind of love affair. A 1st person narrator can never be looked at as a trustworthy narrator. Doris Lessing maybe uses this kind of narrator to ma ke her points more indirect and discreet. The short story would have been told in a whole different way, if she had used a third person omniscient point of view. With a first person narrator the reader is forced to think about what the narrator tells us if we want to get a deeper meaning of what is being told.An example of this is in the end of the short story. The group of girls is leaving the National Gallery and the narrator assumes that the old man is following them, â€Å"Slowly, he followed. Oh no, I was thinking [†¦] There was a wildness in the air, unexpressed, and raw, and dangerous. † (p. 5 ll. 151-154). What the narrator experiences in this quote do not correspond with the environment that usually is in a museum. The narrator gets carried away with his/hers lively imaginations since the narrator has these associations.On the other hand, a 1st person narrator gives a subjective, detailed description of the characters. In this short story the narrator for instan ce sympathize with the elderly man but also thinks that it is repulsive that he looks so intensely after the French girl â€Å"The man next to me was staring hard at her(p. 3 ll. 51). Because of the detailed description of the characters, the reader does not need to think about the underlying information about them. But again, a 1st person narrator is unreliable which the reader needs to be attentive about.

Is Journalistic Objectivity Really Possible in British Society?

Introduction to Journalism End of Module Assessment Module leader Prof. Frank MacMahon Student: Fabio Scarpello Student number: 10182824 Report title: Is Journalistic objectivity really possible in British society. | |Notes: Words 2,275 | |Pages nine | |(â€Å" †¦ â€Å")= Reference to article in bibliography |Introduction Objectivity is the standard to which every journalist should aspire. In this report I analyse the coverage of the European Union (EU) summit in Nice held between the 7th and the 11th December 2000. My aim is to underline whether â€Å"objectivity† has been achieved. I will focus on The Guardian and The Telegraph, (both replaced by their Sunday newspapers on the 10th) and, to a lesser extent, on The Sun. My scrutiny will start the 8th and continue for five days. The report will look at: – Coverage – Prominence – Use of pictures – EditorialTo gain an independent view of the issues discussed, I relied on the BBC, (â€Å"E U Guidelines†), and kept its indication as my benchmark. Accordingly they are: – Charter of Rights (54 rights for every EU citizen) – Drop of National Vetoes, replaced by Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) for most decisions (Blair pledged to maintain six called â€Å"red lines† on tax, social security, immigration, treaty amendments, EU budget and border control) – Re-weighting of the Council of Minister vote. Due to its importance and controversy, I included the Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Friday 8th Broadsheets give ample coverage to the Summit, with equal prominence. Front-page articles are similar. Headlines are coherent in condemning Chirac while the contents concentrate on the different aspirations for the RRF between France (who advocate operational independence from NATO) and Great Britain (who wants closer co-ordination with NATO). Comments from Government and opposition appear in both. The similitude ends with reports of the pre-summit disturb ances. Different is the approach to the Charter.The Telegraph’s tone is critical, comments however are balanced with Byrne (Irish EU commissioner) who highlights weakness in its draft, and Fontaine (EU Parliament president) who wants it incorporated in European law. The Guardian sees it as a triumph for Britain and voices its optimism with Vaz (European minister) who plays down Tories worries of a European Constitution. The importance of maintaining national vetoes is the main point of the Telegraph’s last article, while The Guardian ends with the gains of widening the EU eastwards.Editorials reflect the broadsheets different political stance. The Guardian advocates the UK’s advantages in dropping its veto on immigration, while The Telegraph reports on the intention of the Anti-EU party to attack labour at next general election. The Sun coverage is also comprehensive. The tone is more direct (â€Å"Blair war on Chirac†), but still covers the RRF (comments from Blair and two conservative ministers), riots and Charter with comment from Jaspin (French PM) who advocates its legal status. The political line is clear in the commentary and in the editorial.Kavanagh (political commentator) sarcastically highlights the division within the EU leaders. The editorial tone gets almost menacing: it begins with â€Å"Tony on Trial† and it ends with â€Å"He dares not return home if he gives up any of them† (â€Å"red lines†) Saturday 9th Coverage and prominence are again similar with both broadsheets dealing with the RRF in depth. Comments from Cook, Cohen (US defence secretary) and Smith (shadow defence secretary) appear in both. The Telegraph strengths its critics with Pearle (US former politician) who says â€Å"this is a catastrophe for NATO† (â€Å"Euro force still†¦. †) .The Guardian, in its defence, uses Chirac and Solana (MEP) who states, †It is not a threat to NATO, we are not trying to make a n EU army† (â€Å"Chirac gives way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Vetoes are mentioned in both and it is interesting the different use of the same picture. In The Guardian it reads, â€Å"veto cloning† (page 7) in The Telegraph only â€Å"veto† (page 11). The latter could be seen as a warning to Blair against dropping vetoes, whilst it is a protest against human cloning. The Sun coverage is poor with a single article. Scepticism against the RRF is expressed by Kavanagh not convinced of Cook reassurance of its real co-operation with NATO.Sunday 10th Both Sunday newspapers (Observer and Sunday Telegraph) comprehensively cover the summit with front-page articles and inside page focuses; however the Observer wins the quantity battle. The Telegraph front-page headline sets the trend: â€Å"Blair isolated in EU as Nice turns nasty†. Within the article the RRF is not mentioned while the vetoes, Charter and the re-weighting are analysed. Blair isolation is judged a consequence of his attempt to keep the â€Å"red lines†. There is also space for the Government intention to give up 17 vetoes in order to streamline the EU decision-making process.Still in the Telegraph, for the first time, is mentioned a clause in The Charter (article 7) deemed as â€Å"further embarrassment to Blair† (â€Å"Blair threatens to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) which gives the EU the power to investigate, censor and recommend a change in the law, to countries considered in breach of fundamental rights. The Charter is further criticised in a separate article for its moral and religious values. Several high rank ecclesiastics define it as â€Å"Godless† and â€Å"a way to make easier for homosexual couples to adopt children† (â€Å"Catholic Bishops say†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).The problems arisen by the EU re-weighting are seen as a blessing to Blair who, thank to them, hides his difficulties. The Observer front-page headline â€Å"British police for Euro army† counterba lances the Telegraph, giving ample coverage to the RRF. The accent shifts, presenting it as a police force rather than an army. The â€Å"red lines† feature with a difference angle as well: Sweden is seen as backing Blair on tax and social security, and the PM voices, for the first time, his intention to drop national veto on immigration. Charter and the re-weighting are covered in a re-cap article on page 5. The focuses are different in angle and size.The Sunday Telegraph devotes a page, covering every issue in a chronological order of discussion (RRF, Charter, veto, re-weighting). Blair isolation is emphasised, and his interpretation of the summit, is ridiculed â€Å"Mr Blair can give an interpretation to the British people. That does not mean that the rest of us have to believe it† (Here is a Nice mess†). In this case it is attributed to a diplomat and refers to the Charter, but, according to The Telegraph, it could be applied to every issue. RRF and Charter a re presented as carrying a hidden agenda, which will lead to a EU army and a constitution.Blair handling is considered weak and partially saved by general chaos. Symptomatic is the closing sentence: â€Å"It was an unhappy summit for Mr Blair†¦ but he was not alone at Nice there were no winners†. The Observer focus owes its title, †Europe- the elephant test† to Hague:â€Å"If it look like an elephant and sounds like an elephant then, it is an elephant you re dealing with†. It relies on pro-European academics to highlight a new vision of superstate, shaped by globalisation. â€Å"European identity is already being shaped by a globalisation of culture as a shared sense of European values ».This cultural aspect seems to be The Observer starting point. Its reasoning builds on with the ineluctability of the process â€Å"we live in a world where layers of governance overlap† says Hobsbawm, while Prodi (EU Commission president) stresses â€Å"It i s the only way our nations can express themselves in a globalised world†. There is not a conclusive definition of superstate; it vaguely states that it is a new entity, different to anything seen before. The report lacks comments from anti-European academics. The editorials do not leave space to misinterpretation.The Sunday Telegraph titles it â€Å"alone again† and labels the Government European politics as naive. The Observer instead gives voice to Palmer (Director of European Policy Centre) who advocates a closer European integration (â€Å"Europe not amused†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Monday 11th The main daily issue is the re-weighting. Prominence is equal but the Guardian gives more coverage. The tone remains the same with the Telegraph portraying the difficulties of reaching a decision, while The Guardian applauds Blair for its success. The respective headlines mirror the core of the articles. â€Å"EU leaders scrambles to fix a deal† prints the Telegraph on its fron t page.It concentrates on the squabble and difficulty of the re-weighting procedure using quotes from state’s PM. Words as chaos and crises are repeated. Worth noticing, in the same article the concession to Blair for holding to the â€Å"red lines†, even if the PM is reported saying that due to Tory pressure â€Å"he had no space for manoeuvre†. Inside page articles keep the same tone and issue. A failed appeal to EU leaders by Blair for help in Sierra Leon, makes in print in the Telegraph, while is omitted in The Guardian (â€Å"Blair troops†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). â€Å"Blair holds on to key vetoes† is The Guardian headline.In this article the recurrent words are victory and triumph. The report uses a much mellower tone in describing the difficulty encountered. The Guardian coverage, in its entirety is more comprehensive with information on EU Parliament seat relocation and on the planning of the Inter-Governmental Conference of 2004; neither reported in The Telegraph. Both editorials criticise the summit but for opposite reasons. The Guardian claims that a superstate is very far. Nice is judged a failure due to politicians, including Blair, too concerns with their domestic interest (â€Å"Naughty Nice†).The Telegraph says that Nice has failed in its main objective (enlargement) and labels it as a â€Å"federalising treaty that has taken giant strides towards closer integration† (â€Å"The reality of Nice†). The Telegraph editorial line is mirrored in the â€Å"letter to the editor†: Mr Garrod preoccupation that a future European superstate would suffer the fate of Yugoslavia and Soviet Union gets published. The Sun coverage is good but fails in prominence (pages 8 and 9). The leading article (â€Å"Fiasco in France†) deals with the difficulties of the re-weighting, blaming Chirac.An increase in the number of EU commissioners and MEP are reported (overlooked in the broadsheet). A separate article credi ts Blair for holding on to vetoes. Plaudits to the PM are also mentioned in the editorial, even if it is considered only a won battle in a long war. EU difficulties are the core issue in the commentary (â€Å"40 years of Euro†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in which the lack of popular consent for integration is seen as the main reason of failure. Tuesday 12TH Prominence and coverage is similar with the braoasheet now using the summit as an election’s tool. The Telegraph’s headline â€Å"Blair sold us short in Nice† denounces an unsatisfactory outcome.In it Hague reinforce his point of â€Å"major steps towards a EU susperstate† and pledges not to ratify the treaty, if elected. The possibility of a referendum to decide on it is also mentioned in a further article (â€Å"Tories would put†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) where comments from Conservatives are only partially balanced by a sentence from Kennedy (LD). QMV and re-weighting are well covered on page 4. Mentioned also are â€Å"e nhanced co-operation† (possibility for members who want further integration to go ahead) and â€Å"demographic bar† (second majority required for decision making in EU council of ministers based on percentage of EU’s population).Worth noticing that this percentage is reported at 62% by the three newspapers and 74. 6 by the bbcnews. com Charter and RRF are neglected. The Guardian titles â€Å"Tories left floundering by EU deal† and looks at the election in buoyant mood. The summit is seen as a Blair victory in a further article (â€Å"Blair balancing act †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in which the use of a picture gives the PM and his aids an almost heroic look. Interesting is the assumption by Blair that it is the Conservatives who are politically isolated in Europe.Re-weighting and â€Å"red lines† are analysed with predominantly pro-European comments. Blair vision of â€Å"inter-governmental† Europe (decision making held by a core of nations and not the EU institution) is deemed closer (mentioned also in The Telegraph). The Telegraph’s commentary is even handed (â€Å"Blair battle tale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Worries of a closer EU integration are balanced with approval of Blair handling of â€Å"red lines† and RRF. The Guardian instead goes as far as to regrets Blair for not daring more (â€Å"Nice enough†) The Sun uses a picture to effectively illustrate the summit ‘s marathon (page 2).It criticise Blair presumed guilty of having agreed to a treaty, which gives â€Å"more bureaucracy, secrecy and dodgier decision making† (â€Å"What Blair has†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The editorial credits itself as the PM guiding light through the summit, and claims that only its pressure has prevented Blair to agree to further pro-European movements. The summit’s decisions are covered in an easy to read our losses and gain section. Conclusion Impartiality in the UK is demanded of Radio and TV broadcasts. It is enshrined in their codes of conduct and enforced by their respective controlling bodies.Due impartiality and prominence have to be achieved as a legal requirement (Public Broadcast Act, 1990). There is not such a requirement for newspapers. The National Union Of Journalist solicits journalist â€Å"to strive that the information disseminated is fair and accurate† (NUJ code of conduct 29/06/1994), but does not mention any duty to political independence. Furthermore the Press Complaint Commission states that newspapers are free to be partisan (PCC Code of Conduct December 1999) On this basis, it is without surprise that the conclusion of this report is that â€Å"objectivity† in the newspapers analysed has not been achieved.Editorials are clear in their political stance, with articles only seldom contradicting it. Reports are given different spins and angle, which result in biased information. Comments from political figure get different prominence depending on the paper orientat ion. Worth mentioning is that journalistic objectivity has been further damaged since publishing has been incorporated in a globalised financial world. The system derived from this development is based on oligopoly and cross ownership, which are two more stumbling block for editorial independence. This scenario leaves little space to ethical, idealistic code of conducts.In supporting my conclusion I would use R. Fowler comments that news is not a natural phenomenon but a product of an industry, and therefore shaped by bureaucratic, economic structures, government and political organisations (Mac Nair B. , 1999, 36). Bibliography The Guardian Friday 8th December 2000 †¢ Black I. , M. White and R. Norton Taylor â€Å"Chirac widens split on defence† (Page 1) †¢ Henley J. , â€Å"Police injured as street riots greets leaders† (Page 6) †¢ Black I. , â€Å"East grows tired of waiting game† (Page 7) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Fortress Europe† à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Wodlacott M. , â€Å"France versus the mighty Americans†The Telegraph Friday 8th December 2000 †¢ Jones G. , A. Evans-Pritchard â€Å"Chirac angers Blair by backing EU army† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. â€Å"Don’t mess with our tax veto, Blair tells EU allies† (Page 4) †¢ Jones G. A. Evans-Pritchard â€Å"Irish Commissioner says basic rights charter is badly drafted† (Page 4) †¢ La Guarda A. â€Å"Tear gas and riots greet Europe leaders† (Page 5) The Sun Friday 8th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. †Blair has to turn nasty at Nice talks† (Page 1) †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"Blair war on Chirac† (Pages 8 and 9) †¢ The Sun says section â€Å"Tory on trial† (Page 8)The Guardian Saturday 9th December 2000 †¢ White M. , I. Black â€Å"Blair feels heat over EU vetoes† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Cole P. â€Å"Tale of two Britain and two summits† (Page 6) †¢ Black I. â€Å"Chirac gives way in row with Blair over NATO† (Page 7) The Telegraph Saturday 9th December 2000 †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. , G. Jones â€Å"Blair deserted by EU allies in veto struggle† (Page 1) †¢ La Guardia A. â€Å"Euro force still cause of division† (Page 11) The Sun Saturday 9th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. , P. Gilfeather â€Å"Chirac rips up the rule book† (Page 2) †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"Sounding the retreat Y† (Page 2)The Observer Sunday 10th December 2000 †¢ Ahmes K. , D. Staunton â€Å"British police for Euro army† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Ahmed K. , D. Staunton â€Å"How it turned nasty at Nice† (Page 5) †¢ Palmer J. â€Å"Europe not amused by this French farce† (Page 5) †¢ Beumont P. , D. Staunton and A. Osborn â€Å"Europe – the elephant test† (Pages 16 and 17) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Europe will never be a superstate† (Page 28) The Sunday Telegraph 10 th December 2000 †¢ Murphy J. , J. Coman â€Å"Blair isolated in EU as Nice turns nasty† (Pages 1 and 4) †¢ Petre J. â€Å"Catholic bishops say EU charter ignores God† (Page 4) †¢ Murphy J. , J.Coman â€Å"Here is a Nice mess† (Page 20) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Alone again† †¢ Murphy J. , J. Coman â€Å"Blair threatens to wreck treaty over tax policies† (Page 4) The Guardian Monday 11th December 2000 †¢ Black I. , M. White â€Å"Blair holds on to UK’s key vetoes† (Page 1) †¢ Black I. â€Å"Europe’s big four pull rank on minnows† (Page 4) †¢ Black I. â€Å"Focus turns to power split† (Page 4) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Naughty at Nice† †¢ Hope C. â€Å"Jeaux sans frontiers† (G2 Section Pages 8 and 9) The Telegraph Monday 11th December 2000 †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. , G. Jones â€Å"EU leaders scramble to fix a deal† (Page 1) †¢ Jones J. A. E vans-Pritchard â€Å"A marathon with jostling all the way† (Page 4) †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. , â€Å"Vote grab by the Big Five leaves smaller states outgunned and outraged† (Page 4) †¢ Mc Smith A. â€Å"Blair troops appeal fails† (Page 4) †¢ Comment section â€Å"The reality of Nice† (Page 19) †¢ Letter to the Editor â€Å"Swift victory on Euro army may be Pyrrhic† (Page 19) The Sun Monday 11th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"Fiasco in France† (Pages 8 and 9) †¢ Kavanalagh T. â€Å" 40 years of Euro waffle†¦ now reality sets in† (Pages 8 and 9) The Guardian Tuesday12th December 2000 †¢ White M. , I.Black â€Å"Tories left floundering by EU deal† (Pages 1 and 2) †¢ Black I. â€Å"How big powers won big benefits† (Page 6) †¢ Henley J. â€Å"Europe points finger at Chirac† (Pages 6) †¢ White M. â€Å"Blair balancing act tips election scales† (Page 7) †¢ Young H. â€Å"Everyone was a winner at the battle of Nice† (Page 24) †¢ Comment section â€Å"Nice enough† The Telegraph Tuesday 12th December 2000 †¢ Jones G. â€Å"Blair sold us short at Nice says Hague† (Page 1) †¢ Jones G. â€Å"Blair’s battle tales hide truth of victory† (Page 4) †¢ Evans-Pritchard A. â€Å"Germany becomes first among equals† (Page 4) †¢ Helm T. H. Quetterville â€Å"Schroder hailed for back door coup† (Page 4) †¢ Kallenbach M. â€Å"Tories would put new treaty to a referendum† (Page 14) The Sun Tuesday 12th December 2000 †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"What Blair has really given us† (Page 2) †¢ The Sun say section â€Å"Blair owes us† (Page 8) †¢ Kavanagh T. â€Å"French farce† (Page 8) †¢ htpp://www. bbcnews. com â€Å"EU Guidelines† (07 December 2000) †¢ htpp://www. bbcnews. com â€Å"EU Summit at a glance† (12 December 2000) †¢ htpp://www. bbcnews. com â€Å"EU Analysis† (11 December 2000) Background Reading †¢ Curren J. , J. Seaton (1991) Power without responsibility.The press and broadcasting in Britain. London, Routledge †¢ Mc Nair B. , (1999) News and Journalism in the UK. New York, Routledge †¢ Wilson J. , (1996) Understanding Journalism. London, Routledge †¢ Stevenson N. , (1999) The transformation of the Media. Globalisation, morality and ethics. New York, Pearson Education Ltd. †¢ Branston G. , R. Stafford, (1991) The Media Student’s Book London, Routledge Material supplied by TVU †¢ Hilton A. , (1996) Report Writing London, Kogan Page Ltd †¢ UK Press Complaint Commission Code of Practise. †¢ ITC Guidelines. †¢ BBC Editorial’s Values. †¢ NUJ Code of Conduct

The Psychoanalysis Theory

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. Freud, a neurologist which has great interests in finding out a treatment for patients with neurotic and hysterical symptoms devised psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1890s. He called this, â€Å"the hypothesis of unconscious mental activities† (Hook 3). He then developed a method in which talking with the patients is involved. Through this, he found out that the problems of the patients with these kinds of illness stemmed from either repression and/or problems which the patients encountered during childhood. These problems, as Freud believed, lies in the unconscious minds of the persons involved. These problems may not be overtly manifested by the patients, however, in one point in their lives, it will eventually come out. Probably, the main question Freud gives is that, what could possibly have happened during the person’s childhood which affected the way he/she behaves presently? This question is primarily needed for the psychoanalyst to be able to decipher why a certain being acts the way he does. One of the guiding principles of psychoanalysis is the assumption that the problems of the patients in need of psychotherapy lies within the unconscious. This however, was given proof by Freud. According to him, â€Å"the unconscious is the storehouse of instinctual desires, needs, and psychic actions. Also, the unconscious mind acts as a reservoir for repressed memories of traumatic events which continuously influence conscious thoughts and behavior. While past thoughts and memories may be deleted from immediate consciousness, they direct the thoughts and feelings of the individual from the realm of the unconscious†. Through psychoanalysis, these past thoughts and memories which are stored in the unconscious are then unlocked through a process which is called the â€Å"talk therapy†. It is believed that neurotic problems stemmed from the unconscious. These problems, according to Freud, can sometimes manifest themselves in dreams.   The aim, therefore, of psychoanalysis is to bring the repressed memories in the unconscious to the consciousness through a psychoanalytic treatment for it to be addressed accordingly. No matter how successful the movement became, many critics still emerged and deliberately demonstrated their disbelief to the said movement. One of the major critics of Freud’s psychoanalysis is Grà ¼nbaum. In 1986, he said that â€Å"†¦more often than not, they may be the patient's responses to the suggestions and expectations of the analyst† (186).   He is referring to the clinical data gathered by the psychoanalyst. He claims therefore, that psychoanalysis is not reliable because of the fact that most of the patients respond according to what their analysts want to hear. However, if we are going to go through the aim of psychoanalysis, we will find out that Freud was trying to find out â€Å"reasons† rather than â€Å"causes† so therefore, results are technically not important. His main focus was on how the patients will respond to a certain question and how these patients would reason out when given a certain problem. Technically, the procedure is merely a problem solving process. Another critic, Torrey Fuller, considered by some to be a leading American psychiatrist, writing in Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists (1986) stated that psychoanalytic theories have no more scientific basis than the theories of traditional native healers, â€Å"witchdoctors† or modern â€Å"cult† alternatives. In fact, an increasing number of scientists regard psychoanalysis as a pseudoscience (Cioffi, F. 1998). However, this claim by Fuller, was countered by one of the proponents of psychoanalysis by saying that the concepts and theories of psychoanalysis are more akin to the humanities than those of the physica/biological sciences. Therefore, even if they claim that it is not scientific, they cannot push through with that kind of argument. When Freud died, psychoanalysis continued to flourished in its role in solving mysteries with the unconscious. In fact, there emerged the post-freuedian schools which are the Object Relations Theory and the Interpersonal Psychoanalysis. These schools of thought reinforced, in some ways, the psychoanalytic movement proposed by Freud. The Object Relations theory states that the ego-self exist only in relation to objects, be it internal or external. These objects, basically, are said to be formed through interactions with the parents during childhood. According to object-relations theory there are three fundamental â€Å"affects† that can exist between the self and the other; attachment, frustration, and rejection. These â€Å"affects† are considered as the major building blocks of the personality. Therefore, if these affects are triggered, there is the possibility that a change of personality may occur; a changein terms of a person’s perception towards a particular thing or can be a change with regards to a person’s ability to interact with other people. These kinds of changes, as believed by Freudian theorists, may be addressed through psychoanalysis. The Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, on the other hand, states that a patient's interpersonal interactions with others provide insights into the causes and cures of mental disorder. It is believed that patients keep many aspects of interpersonal relationships out of their awareness by selective inattention. The role of psychoanalysis, therefore, is to bring out detailed information from the patient which will lead them to finding out the interpersonal patterns within that patient. In line with the arguments of Freud’s critics, one question that could be raised is that, has psychoanalytic therapy really â€Å"cured† mentally impaired people or are these people just cured because of the fact that they believed that they were cured and not because they really were? There could be a great possibility that people just perceived that he is cured even if he is not. This is one good question that can be addressed with regards to the psychoanalytic process. There were many critics who emerged during the peak of the success of the psychoanalytic movement. Some were for the movement, many were against it. However, it still flourished and up to now, this method is continuously being used. Wholly, Freud’s Psychoanalytic movement has strengths and weaknesses. Probably, part of the strengths of this movement are the facts that clearly, this theory addresses its problem, it can be applied in practical ways and, most importantly, it withstands the test of time. This only means that no matter how many negative criticisms this movement encountered, it is still able to function in such a way that it is being helpful to the society. No matter how many flaws were encountered during the generation of the movement, it is still useful up to this time. In fact, even today, psychoanalysis still remains as a valid option for people who seek help because of mental illness. The movement will continuously flourish because of the fact that it addresses its problems accordingly and it is easy to conduct as long as the involved parties participate accordingly to the process being done. For somebody who whole – heartedly believes in the psychoanalytic movement, it is quite hard to point out certain weaknesses of the movement. However, the only weakness that it might really probably possess is the fact that it might really probably be just giving data which are just interpretations of the analyst which is again, going back to Grà ¼nbaum’s argument, he said that the   patients could probably just saying what the analyst wants to hear. But as stated earlier, Freud’s aim is to find out the â€Å"reasons† and not the â€Å"causes†. The psychoanalytic theory can be considered most useful in addressing problems of patients who are considered mentally impaired. People who undergo Psychoanalysis are people who are emotionally impaired with symptoms like depression or anxiety, loneliness, and incapacity to feel close to anyone. Brain disorders like schizophrenia and autism can be cured through this method as well. However, psychoanalysis would not work with schizophrenics and autistics because such patients ignore their therapist's insights and are resistant to treatment (Dolnick 40). Depression, loneliness, and the incapacity to feel close to anyone, as believed by Freud, to be easily addressed through psychoanalysis, are states wherein a person experiences difficulty in coping up with changes that are constantly happening to his surroundings. He therefore encounters a feeling of being unwanted by the society. With this kind of feeling, the person involved then lacks self esteem which he needs in order for him to get along with the people around him. Freud believed that this kind of problem can be solved if proper interventions will be done and proper techniques of communication will put into practice. This is when the person involved is willing to talk about his problems; the things that makes him think that he is unwanted by other people; the reasons why he is having a hard time coping up with the changes happening around him. Through talking the problem out, the person can now feel that somebody is there to listen to him. This kind of method only works if the person involved is willing enough to disclose himself to another person. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. Personally, based on the studies done for this particular topic, I believe that it really is an effective way intervening people with certain problems with their behavior. With the different studies done by Freud, there are ample evidences that conscious thought and behavior are influenced by non-conscious memories and processes. As stated earlier, the psychotherapy could greatly help people with mental and emotional problems by knowing the past events that greatly affects people’s thought and ideas through unlocking the â€Å"unconscious† thereby being able to decipher why a certain person acts the way he does, and thereby addressing the mental problem of the patient. Works Cited Hook, Sidney, ed. Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method, and Philosophy: A Symposium.   New York: New York University Press, 1959. The researcher use data from Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method, and Philosophy: A Symposium to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. The book talks about Psychoanalysis as a scientific theory and not as a mere philosophical theory, it aims to answer the different questions thrown against the movement. It is through this book that the researcher was able to make strong points against the different debates against the movement. The book also gave enough background about the rise and development of the movement. Freud, Sigmund. An outline of psycho – analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. The researcher use data from An outline of psycho – analysis to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. This is a book that focuses on Freud’s psychoanalysis movement. It talks about the fundamentals of psychoanalysis. He marshals here the whole range of psychoanalytic theory and therapy in lucid prose and continues his open-mindedness to new departures. The researcher used the source to describe Psychoanalysis as a whole on the first part of the paper. The researcher also used this to counter some arguments thrown against the movement. Grunbaum, Adolf. The foundations of psychoanalysis. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985. The researcher use data from The foundations of psychoanalysis to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. This is a philosophical critique of the foundations of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Through this book, Grunbaum was able to state his debates against Freud’s psychoanalysis. The researcher uses the data, to cite an example of debates against the movement. Cioffi, F. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. New York: Open Court Publishing Company, 1998. The researcher use data from Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. The book has shown that psychoanalysis was actually more concrete to humanities rather than the biophysical science. Like a study by Dolnick, cited below, it also discusses debates on the movements, as well as attacks on Freud himself. The researcher was able to get enough background on causes why debates against the movement started. Dolnick, Edward. Madness on the couch: Blaming the victim in the heyday of psychoanalysis. New York: Simon & Chester, 1998. The researcher use data from Madness on the couch: Blaming the victim in the heyday of psychoanalysis to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. This book focused on the pseudoscientific theories and dangerous practices that emerged and flourished in the wake of World War II as American psychotherapists battled to understand and treat schizophrenia, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Though unlike Cioffi’s Freud and the question of Pseudoscience, this one strongly emphasize that psychoanalysis did more harm than good to patients. It is through this, that the researcher was able to cite some examples to strengthen. his position with regards to the psychoanalytic movement.

Of Mice and Men Characters Essay

At the beginning both George & Lennie met at the rench near the river,close to the hill sides. The relationship between George & Lennie is that they are close friends.Acctualy George had promised Lennie’s Aunt Clara that he will take care of Lennie, as she laid on the bed of death. â€Å"Some body’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself. No you stay with me, your Aunt Clara wouldn’t like it if you were Running off by your self, even if she’s dead.† Although Lennei is mch stronger,taller & muscular than Goerge, he still seems to depend on George. He forgets everything, he can’t cook, he’s got immature adult hood behaviour, he can’t deal with day-to-day life. Where as George happens to be the leader. He cooks for him, takes care of him, & there relationship between them seems to be like father & son. H e does at times get angry & frustrated with him due to his behaviour or the attitude toward him having to forget everything. George & Lennie both carry a dream along themselves, which the want to fulfil, of having a place of there own, â€Å"With us it ain’t like that new got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in no bar-room, blowin’in our jack jack jus because we got no place else to go. If them other guys get in jail then can rot for all anyone gives a damn. But not us.† However Lennie always seem to have a frustrated attitude, â€Å"But not us ! An’ why because †¦because I got you to look after me, & you got me to look after you, & that’s why.† â€Å"Some day where gonna get the jack together & where gonna have a little house & a couple of cows & some pigs.† In this case Lennie had kept control of the money, as he told every thing to Lennie to do, & that this money would help them in buying a place of there own. As the third person helps them so that he could also move out without the others knowing about it. As they had prepared there dream to come true, but as always Lennie had spoilt everything due to his immature attitude. At this stage of agreement with old man, Curley’s wife walks in asking for trouble as usual, well that’s what George thought. After there conversation over there secrete, Lennie fell a sleep on the bunk dreaming, mean while Curley walks in asking George & the bold man if they had seen his wife. During this they end up in a slight argument. As Curley gets furious at the telling of the people, telling him to keep his damn wife a home. On the other hand as Lennie is dreaming, he was smiling & delighted at the memory of ranch. At this stage Curley glaed at him, as he slipped his eyes off the past & lighted on Lennie, as he had become the centre of attraction. At this stage he stepeed towards lennie, as he was half asleep, & replied unknowingly & confusingly â€Å"Huh†?Due to him being so deniable Curley exploded with range. † Come on you big bastard-get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch, is gonna laugh at me. I’ll show ya who’s yella?† Curley’s anger made Lennie look helplessly at George, & at this stage Lennie gets up & tries to retreat Curley, but Curley was balanced & poised . Right now he slashed a thump at Lennie withhis left, & then hit him under his nose. During the pain Lennie felt he cried for George’s help. But unfotanly the beating was at limited for Lennie & was in anger,despite having George stood on his feet yelling above all, to Lennie, telling him to get him (revenge). â€Å"Get him Lennie† Although Lennie was much stronger & muscular than Curley, â€Å"Don’t let him do it† Pain was getting to Lennie & the others in the room. At this stage Lennie covered his face with his huge pones (hand) & felt the beat ness of terror within himself, as then beating, as he again cried for George’s help & the others to make him stop. Then again Curley had attacked him in the stomach & blow of his wind. The scene now was painful & thew feeling of careless struk every one, especially Slim as he stud to his feet to betray Curley. â€Å"The dirty little rat; he cried, I’ll get’ un my self† But George atn this stage grabbed Slim by holding out his hand,asking him to wait, as knew Lennie would get Curley back. He new it was at limited for Lennie & the support of them in the room defiantly want revenge from Curley. † Wait a minute† (George said to him) † Get him Lnnie† The single voice of George Struck Lennie, as he took his hand away ftrom his face & looked around for George. At this point Curley took the advantage of him having to take his hand off his face & slashed him again in his eyes. Lennie’s face was covered with blood & George was again yelling/persuading Lennie to hit him. Again Curley’s fist was snagging when Lennie reached for it fist & seconds layer Curley was flopping all over the place like a fish would. Curley’s closed fist was now lost in Lennie’s big hand, revealing his anger in agony, as this time George ran down the room yelling at him to let go of him, but Lennie did not let go, & slapped him across the face repeatingly, but still he didn’t let go. However Curley was slushing as he fell white in his face & started to shrink,as he became weak.Howeever at last he did let go, as he crouched against the wall. â€Å"you told me to, George† At this stage Slim regarded Lennie with terror, as he statedy then they better get Curley to the doctor, as soon as possible, as they thought that he could be worse than what it look, but he also mentioned to Curley & the other surrounded strictly that his hand got stuck in the machine, if any one hade to ask then Lennies name should nit be mentioned strickly or trouble would occur. ( George said)†Slim, we get canned now? We need the stake. Will Curley’s old man cane us now? (Slim said to Curley)†you got your senses in hand enough to listen? â€Å"I think you got your han’ caught in a machine.† â€Å"If you don’t tell nobody what happened, we aren’t going to. But you jus tell an’try to get this canned & we’ll tell ever’body,an the will you get the laugh.† After this obviously George & Lennie had to stay well clear from cur ley’s wife, especially Lennie in eve at the time,& was specially warned from George, that she’ll cause trouble & that Lennie was in the bad books ofCurley & was better to stay out of his way. The old man was talking to creok ojn his bunk as Lennie arrived, & both Lennie & the old man started telling there story of them 3, haqving there place of there own,with Lennie’s rabbits & other animals/habitats. Again Creok offered to put fowar some money, but as George walked in the room & having a suspicious shocking look on his face as he saw Lennie sitting there. The old man mentioned the thought offered by Creok, but the shock & discomfort of privacy shrook him as he apologised to them all but this place was supposed to be a secrete & a place of there own & no one was to know in case of trouble. During the conversation Curley’s wife had walked in the room & interruptedly every one was shocked to her there especially if she had geard everything then trouble was to come, also her distance close to us would let her know what accually had happened to Curley that night. However later on in the argument with her & the others in the room she accually found out that it was Lennie who hert his hand & not the silly excuse of the machine.As Curley’s wife tried to get on Lennie,George tried to hold Lennie away from her, & tried to get Curley’s wife out of the room as Curley & his old man walked in the room,& suddenly intruptted the argument.